V antidepressant

What is the most prescribed antidepressant? Do SSRI antidepressants or 5-HTP work better? Triiodothyronine (T 3) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist ) – not specifically approved for depression (used off-label) Minocycline – Microglia inhibitor ( Tetracycline antibiotics ) – the overall antidepressant effect size of compared to placebo was -0. Antidepressants Drug - Index V Tweet.

Sometimes crying or laughing are the only options left, and laughing feels better right now. Tricyclic antidepressants are another older class of antidepressant.

Bupropion is one of the few antidepressants not frequently associated with sexual side effects. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants. They are effective in treating depression, and they have fewer side effects than the other. They are highly effective and generally cause fewer side effects than the other antidepressants. SSRIs help to alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reabsorption or reuptake of serotonin in the brain.

Clinical depression information: symptoms, treatment, antidepressant medications, and depression support groups.

What to do when someone says they are depressed

What to Never Say to someone with depression? How do I support someone depressed? A reminder from a friend or loved one that, indee they’re not alone and they are loved can be invaluable. Research has shown that people tend to withdraw when they are depressed ,   so reaching out to a friend in need is an important first step.

What do you say to someone who’s depressed ? All too often, it’s the wrong thing. People still have such a cloudy idea of what mental illness is,” Kathleen Brannon, of Herndon, Virginia. If someone tells you they have depression, know that they are showing you part of the beautiful, messy, unpredictable frailties that come with being human.

It can be difficult to know what to say to someone who is depressed , but know that it’s unlikely you can make anything worse. The stigma of depression often leads to social isolation because the depressed person believes no one understands what it’s like to be depressed. By avoiding social interaction, people with depression don’t have to confront the stigma or explain their struggle over and over again. Sometimes company is the best medicine for someone that is depressed.

Showing that you care and will always be there for them is a wonderful way to express this. Always lend a ear to listen to what they have to say, this will help them feel important and heard.

The hamilton scale test

Free Depression Test : questions Depression Test , Am I Depressed? Welcome to the free depression test. Discover your level of depression from everyday situations. HAMILTON DEPRESSION RATING SCALE (HAM-D) (To be administered by a health care professional) 11.

An IVR version of the scale is avail-able from Healthcare Technology Systems. Additional references Maier W, Buller R, Philipp M, Heuser I. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The scale is a public document. Be sure to record the in the appropriate spaces (positions through 4).

The life of the man behind the scale is a reminder to “prevail in the face of prejudice, rejection, and defeat”. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Hamilton M. Ratings are made using either a five- or a three-point scale , yielding total scores from zero to 61. Danielle Huntsman, is a certified nutrition specialist and licensed. You can read more about the content of the questionnaire, it’s scoring and interpretation system below the form. HARS-IG has emerged as a more reliable assessment tool than the original.

How does this relate to occupational practice? It should be administered by an experi-enced clinician. Others have criticized the scale as outdated in terms of the DSM-IV defi nition of depression and have claimed that its scoring is unclear.

What to say to someone with depression reddit

If they are joking, making light of it, trying to guilt you yada yada, find someone else. That person is clearly uncomfortable with the direction of the convo. A supportive space for anyone struggling with depression. As somebody that has suffered from severe depression for nearly years, this is the best answer here. It washes over me like a wave out of nowhere.

Its a constant feeling of the room closing in around you and you are powerless.

Ladies of Reddit - what is the most sexiest thing an. If you’re a frien partner, or family member of someone who struggles with depression , you probably already know that figuring out how to approach another person’s depression is a thorny issue. Things To Say To Someone Struggling With Depression. Express your concern, listen, but avoid giving advice.

When a person’s depressed , sometimes they lose all perspective. Depression can feel like an endless black hole in which there’s no way to climb out of. Saying something along these lines reminds them that all of our emotions and moods are not permanent, even if they feel like they are. What Not to Say to a Person With Depression and Anxiety It can be hard to know what to say to someone when they confide in you about their mental illness.

What not to say to someone who's depressed

If someone tells you they have depression, know that they are showing you part of the beautiful, messy, unpredictable frailties that come with being human. It can be difficult to know what to say to someone who is depresse but know that it’s unlikely you can make anything worse. What do you say to someone who’s depressed? All too often, it’s the wrong thing.

People still have such a cloudy idea of what mental illness is,” Kathleen Brannon, of Herndon, Virginia. And that will always drive me to continue to overshare, Bell told TODAY.

It should simply be something that comes from a place of compassion and acceptance. Try not to be dissuaded by worry over saying the wrong thing. If you think someone is depresse talk to them about it. It might be uncomfortable, but it can make a real difference — especially if they’ve been too afraid or embarrassed to reach out for help. Approaching them and offering your support sends a powerful message that they’re not alone.

These phrases will make a depressed person feel guilty for their feelings. Yes you might be true, there are people who have it worse than them but that is not a reason there should be a comparison.

Unipolar disorder definition psychology

What is the primary function of an unipolar neuron? How to tell if someone is bipolar? Bipolar disorders, or manic-depressive illness, is a group of disorders characterized by the presence of pronounced high-energy phases known as manic episodes.

Typically, unusual shifts in mood. However, if it is characterized by both manic and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal moo it is referred to as bipolar disorder (previously called manic depression).

Someone with unipolar depression doesn’t go through the “highs” of bipolar depression. Below is a closer look at the symptoms of both depression and mania. If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, it’s important to visit your counseling center or a mental health professional to get the right diagnosis and treatment. Despite stark statistics outlining the consequences of misdiagnosis, differentiating unipolar depression from bipolar disorder can be challenging.

The patients with unipolar disorder expressed significantly higher perceived EE of their family members than those with the other three illness subgroups (schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, and bipolar disorder ), in terms of the mean total score and most of the four subscales, and those with bipolar disorder reported the relatively lowest mean total and subscale scores among the four.

Ultradian cycling bipolar

How is rapid cycling bipolar disorder diagnosed? What is bipolar rapid cycling? Is bipolar type rapid cycling? Is cyclothymia similar to bipolar? One thing to know about ultra-ultra-rapid cycling in bipolar disorder is that it’s very real.

People with it are not “moody” per se.

I know what this is like. Ultra-rapid and ultradian cycling in bipolar affective illness. Kramlinger KG, Post RM. BACKGROUND: Rapid- cycling bipolar disorder is defined as four or more affective episodes yearly. Severe mood dysregulation irritability, and the diagnostic boundaries of bipolar disorder in youths.

An episode may consist of depression, mania, hypomania, or a condition known as a mixed state in which depression and mania are co-occurring. Well the cut off is essentially arbitrary, but it is taken to be four or more episodes of mania and depression in any one year period. Rapid cycling means that someone will experience many episodes of illness each year.

Some people have very rapid switches and in these cases the terms ultra-rapid (days) and ultra-ultra rapid or ultradian (within a day) cycling have also been.

Therapist dealing with narcissism near me

Private, Professional, Affordable Counseling Available Anyti me , Anywhere. Make A Positive Change This Year. You Deserve to Be Happy. Appointment, Start Therapy Today! As narcissism counselors in Idaho they are experienced in guiding clients in dealing with this disorder.

How can I tell if a therapist is right for me ? Therapists in Idaho are able to work with a. When you’re going through narcissistic abuse recovery, you might want to find a good narcissistic abuse therapist. If so, you’re obviously going to want one who is familiar with the topic of narcissistic abuse and also has a good understanding of narcissistic personality disorder and the extreme effects being involved with this sort of person can have on your entire life. Please note, each therapist listed has completed level I training and has become certified in my 5-step recovery model.

I have recently added a level II, in-person therapist training, which offers additional clinical hours. Counselling and psychotherapy are primary forms of narcissistic personality disorder treatment. Medication may also be provided to those showing signs of other conditions such as depression or anxiety. Narcissistic personality disorder treatment. Because it can be difficult to change inherent personality traits, therapy may take several years.

The effects of antidepressants

What are the long-term effects of antidepressants? What antidepressant has the least side effects? Why do antidepressants have such strong side effects?

Antidepressants can sometimes cause a wide range of unpleasant side effects, including: nausea. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Mild hyponatraemia can cause symptoms similar to depression or side effects of antidepressants, such as: feeling sick. One of the most common side effects of. SSRI antidepressant discontinuation symptoms.

Less often, there may be nausea or diarrhea , flu-like symptoms , irritability , anxiety , and crying spells. SSRIs and nortriptyline reportedly worsen blood sugar control in people with diabetes. Anyone considering the use of antidepressant in a child or adolescent must balance this risk of suicide with the clinical need for the drug.

If you’re taking an antidepressant , it’s important to know what to expect and how it will affect your life.

Here are the to five common questions about taking antidepressants. Here are seven important antidepressant side effects you need to be aware of: Physical Symptoms.

Sudden memory loss causes

The fact that it comes on suddenly yields clues to its possible causes. New cases of confusion or sudden memory loss for no apparent reason should be evaluated by a medical professional immediately. What diseases cause memory loss?

For most boomers, a memory lapse can be an annoyance. For my wife, Sue, it was a lifesaver.

One late December afternoon, Sue left. And some memory problems are the result of treatable conditions. While such sudden , profound loss of memory is rare.

While most people experience momentary forgetfulness from time to time, memory loss is different in that it has an unusual cause. Depending on the cause, memory loss may have either a sudden or gradual onset, and memory loss may be permanent or temporary. Memory loss (amnesia) is unusual forgetfulness.

You may not be able to remember new events, recall one or more memories of the past, or both.

The memory loss may be for a short time and then resolve (transient). However, if you are looking for the best home remedy, sipping on a warm cup of ginger tea or coffee or tea is recommended as it can help ‘œawaken’ the senses.

Sudden memory issues

What causes sudden onset memory loss? How to improve short term memory loss? An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) can result in forgetfulness and other thinking problems. A tumor or infection in the brain can cause memory problems or other dementia-like symptoms.

These kinds of memory slips become more common as you get older. Other possible causes of memory loss include an underactive or overactive thyroid gland and infections such as HIV, tuberculosis, and syphilis that affect the brain.

Mild memory problems can also develop gradually after silent strokes that affect smaller blood vessels. These changes in brain function, which can range from mild to severe , are called vascular. Several types of infection can lead to sudden memory loss. National Library of Medicine lists Lyme disease as one potential culprit 1. Another is called tertiary syphilis, a condition that may occur decades after syphilis is contracted but left untreated. Tuberculosis and AIDS may also cause significant memory loss.

Neurological problems get you special treatment. As the admitting doctor buzzed a colleague for consultation, Sue was put on a stretcher and.

Valproate depression

The British Journal of Psychiatry reports that sodium valproate has been used to successfully treat the symptoms of major depression and may be effective for a variety of mood disorders 2. Valproate is a mood stabilizer medication that works in the brain. It is approved for the treatment of mania associated with bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression ), seizures (epilepsy), and migraine headaches. Currently, there is no consensus about or any clinical guidelines available for this ill-defined clinical entity. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of mood stabilizers, such as valproate , for adjuvant therapy in patients suspected of having mixed-depressive features. They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with absence seizures, partial seizures, and generalized seizures.

Depression includes low mood and energy, as well as lack of enjoyment, often combined with other problems such as sleep disturbance. In mixed states, the symptoms of depression and mania are combined. Since sodium valproate takes a shorter period of time to work than lithium, it may also be used as a short-term bipolar disorder treatment when rapid mood stabilization is required. It may be more effective than lithium for treating mania, bipolar disorder with rapid cycling, or mixed features.

The signs of depression and anxiety

What are the signs of depression? What to do when depression and anxiety mix? The symptoms of anxiety can be hard to detect. Although each condition has its own causes, they both share similar symptoms and treatments.

Read on to learn more about each condition, how to.

The signs and symptoms of depression should be taken seriously if they last for more than two weeks or if they leave you feeling unsafe at any point in time. Recognizing the early warning signs of depression and anxiety in children can be difficult, especially young teens, as hormones are in a constant state of fluctuation and mood swings may seem normal. As a result, depression and anxiety may go undiagnosed and untreated. Major depression is a mood disorder that affects the way you feel about life in general.

Having a hopeless or helpless outlook on your life is the most common symptom of depression. Your regular doctor is a good place to start. They can test you for depression and help manage your symptoms.

If your depression goes untreate it may.

Wellbutrin and memory loss

Is there a connection between sertraline and memory loss? It has the advantage of being less likely to cause weight gain or sexual side effects, both of which are more common with other antidepressants. I have been on and off wellbutrin for the past months. I am only taking mg. I like how it is helping with my OCD and anxiety, I just dont think I can handle the studpidness I feel.

The other symptoms I have are definite loss of hair, dry hair, some memory loss , and depression.

From my personal experience, yes, it does. And I found that it got worse over time. At least one brand of bupropion (Zyban) is used to help people stop smoking by reducing cravings and other withdrawal effects. Wish I could help you - but my main problems were short term memory loss , total loss of motivation and legs aching and I did stop cold turkey and was okay - was on mg.

See all full list on betterhealthwhileaging. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review on all articles.

No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.

Suicidal thoughts quotes tumblr

Juliette Lewis : ‘The bravest thing I ever did was continuing my life when I wanted to die. This post holds a collection of many suicidal love quotes written by many people. If you have a friend or a lover who you think is suffering from suicidal thoughts , go ahead and send them these – the sayings will help them to stay grounded and aware of the fact that they are loved and appreciated by more people they can think of. Below are quotes that align with suicide prevention.

The underlying message of all these quotes is to continue living, with each quote providing a unique reason and perspective. Suicide is a form of murder - premeditated murder.

It takes getting used to. And you need the means, the opportunity, the motive. A successful suicide demands good organization and a cool hea both of which are usually incompatible with the suicidal state of mind. Enjoy our suicidal thoughts quotes collection. Best suicidal thoughts quotes selected by thousands of our users!

Not only is suicide a sin, it is the sin. The man who kills a man, kills a man. The first signs of a suicidal person is depression, follows by isolationism and eventually suicidal idealization.

Temporary short term memory loss

How do you cure short term memory loss? What are the causes of short-term memory loss? What is temporary memory loss called? Your doctor can help determine the cause of your memory loss and the best way to help you.

See all full list on howtoadult.

Memory may gradually improve over time. Short - term memory loss occurs when a person can remember incidents from years ago but is fuzzy on the details of things that happened minutes prior. Medical conditions and injuries can cause. They are often better judges of your behavior than you are.

Symptoms of memory loss due to a transient ischemic attack are often temporary and vary depending on the area of the brain affected. Short-term memory loss is the most common form of memory loss due to a TIA. Oftentimes, this kind of memory loss disappears quickly, but.

By spending more time with your friends or family, you can ward off stress and depression, and therefore improve your short - term memory. How they can cause memory loss : Benzodiazepines dampen activity in key parts of the brain, including those involved in the transfer of events from short - term to long- term memory.

Things to help with postpartum depression

How to support a woman with postpartum depression? When to seek professional help for postpartum depression? How do I beat postpartum depression? Maintain a healthy diet.

Create time for yourself.

Examine your breast-feeding. Here are six ways you can help someone who is going through it. Make it about her—not the baby. Stop trying to solve her problems. Quit asking what you can do and just start.

If you’ve been diagnosed with postpartum depression , there are many things you can do to help yourself feel better as you work through your treatment. Include fun things in your day. Surround yourself with people who care.

Even if they don’t know exactly what’s wrong, they should speak up if they think you’re acting differently. She can be evaluated for depression and referred to a mental health professional if necessary. If she can’t get to a medical professional in person, Talkspace is a great alternative. Eating smaller more frequent meals can help to maintain your blood sugar levels and energy source.

Every - hours stop for a meal or a snack.

Wellbutrin antidepressant

It does not usually lead to weight. While these reviews might be helpful, they are not a substitute for the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgement of healthcare practitioners in patient care. Common side effects include dry mouth, trouble sleeping, agitation, and headaches.

SSRIs include fluoxetine ( Prozac ), paroxetine ( Paxil , Pexeva), sertraline ( Zoloft ), citalopram (Celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro). Your blood pressure may need to be checked before and during treatment with bupropion. Wellbutrin is indicated for depression.

It comes as an immediate-release, sustained-release, or extended-release tablet that is taken orally. Antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults in short-term trials. Its effect is based on restoring the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. In addition, the drug eliminates cravings for smoking. Tricyclic antidepressants.

It is also more effective than Effexor. At first I really liked how I felt, more energy, brain fog cleared. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are among the newer types of antidepressant.

As the name implies, they block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.

Suicidal depression test

After completing this test you will find whether you have depression , bipolar, anxiety or little stress. The suicidal risk assessment quiz is to help you to evaluate how high your chances of committing suicide are. This online tool is designed only for preliminary self-assessment purposes and it does not replace a proper professional evaluation. Having suicidal thoughts or feeling like suicide is an option? Most depressed people commit suicide if they do not get help therefore one has to ensure they note when they are having suicidal thoughts and need help.

Take up this quiz and find out.

Instructions: Below is a list of questions that relate to life experiences common among people who have been diagnosed with depression. This self-assessment isn’t designed to diagnose depression — only a physician or mental health professional can do that. But if you think you may be depressed , take the assessment and share the with your doctor. Depression self-assessment tool.

Keep in mind that the tool is intended for adults years and older. Don’t dismiss their talk of suicide as just threats. People who commit suicide don’t want to die, but to end their pain.

Urban female depression test

It is a great way to get natural dopamine flowing in the brain and help you get clarity in life decisions. Sleep – Poor sleeping habits or insomnia can wreak havoc on your peace of mind. Make sure you are getting a full nights sleep every night.

Body Type – Which One Do Guys Prefer? Instructions: Below is a list of questions that relate to life experiences common among people who have been diagnosed with depression. Take our scientific depression test to find out in just minutes if you suffer from the symptoms associated with depression.

Instant , no registration required. They are available hours a day, days a week. This support is only available for people in Aotearoa New Zealand. Test yourself for Depression.

Depression in women is common, especially during times of hormonal fluctuations. Learn more from WebMD about how depression in women is treated during various stages of her life. Depressed women more often attempt suicide, whereas men more often complete suicide.

In fact, the male-to- female ratio for completed suicides is greater than four-to-one, possibly because women with depression frequently choose less lethal methods like poisoning.

Things that cause memory loss

Surprising Causes of Memory Loss 1. This common but treatable sleep disorder causes breathing to stop briefly. What diseases cause memory loss? Obvious changes in the ability to think and move normally can come.

Memory loss could be a sign that your medication needs to be.

Things That Cause Short-Term Memory Loss 1. Not Getting Enough Sleep. Listening to loud music. Going On A High-Fat Diet.

Here are some of the more common things that can cause memory loss: Medications. A number of prescription and over-the-counter medications can interfere with or cause loss of memory. Thinking about too many things at once?

Natural Memory Ability.

Mild Cognitive Impairment. Consult your doctor if. How they can cause memory loss: These meds activate signaling pathways for dopamine , a chemical messenger involved in many brain functions, including motivation, the experience of pleasure, fine motor control , learning and memory. As a result, major side effects can include memory loss, confusion, delusions, hallucinations, drowsiness and compulsive behaviors such as overeating and gambling.

Sudden memory loss due to stress

Can you fix memory loss? Sudden memory loss isn't always a sign of Alzheimer's or other types of dementia. What causes severe memory loss? And some memory problems are the result of treatable conditions.

While most people experience momentary forgetfulness from time to time, memory loss is different in that it has an unusual cause. Causes of Anxiety Memory Loss.

The main cause of memory loss is a hormone known as cortisol. Stress caused by an emotional trauma can also lead to memory loss. Nutritional deficiency.

A brain tumor is sometimes found to be responsible for sudden short-term memory loss. It may be malignant or benign, and fast- or slow-growing, yet have the same outcome. Severe Psychological Stress. A severe stress that pushes a person beyond his coping abilities may cause memory problems and other mental disturbances.

Something like getting more sleep, switching a medication, or a stress reduction program could get your memory back on track. Age-related memory loss.

The brain is capable of producing new brain cells at any age, so significant memory loss is not an inevitable result of aging.

Sudden temporary memory loss

What causes sudden short-term memory loss? What is temporary memory loss called? Is short term memory loss permanent? Is it dementia or just normal memory loss? The fact that it comes on suddenly yields clues to its possible causes.

New cases of confusion or sudden memory loss for no apparent reason should be evaluated by a medical professional immediately.

While such sudden , profound loss of memory is rare,. Depending on the cause, memory loss may have either a sudden or gradual onset, and memory loss may be permanent or temporary. Memory may gradually improve over time. And some memory problems are the result of treatable conditions. You may not be able to remember new events, recall one or more memories of the past, or both.

The memory loss may be for a short time and then resolve (transient). While most people experience momentary forgetfulness from time to time, memory loss is different in that it has an unusual cause. Symptoms of memory loss due to a transient ischemic attack are often temporary and vary depending on the area of the brain affected.

Short-term memory loss is the most common form of memory loss due to a TIA.

Therapist and psychologist near me

Private, Professional, Affordable Counseling Available Anyti me , Anywhere. Make A Positive Change This Year. You Deserve to Be Happy. Appointment, Start Therapy Today! An of course, it is somewhat cheaper.

Finding a therapist near me using online therapy is definitely the easier option. At Thrivetalk, we host a nation-wide and even international network of highly qualified therapists. Welcome to Gateway Counseling Center in Boynton Beach.

We’re among the top counseling practices in Palm Beach County specializing in couples therapy , relationship building, Christian counseling and PTSD therapy. We aim to build skills that support emotional well-being and fulfillment in life. Reviewer Rashonda Douthit , LCSW.

This is a sign that you are ready to seek professional professional help for resolving new or existing mental health issues like depression, anxiety and other forms of mental health care. The national average cost for a therapist is $80-$1per hour, although prices may be higher or lower depending on geographic location and the experience and training of the therapist. Psychiatrists, psychologists and licensed therapists are all health professionals who offer various modalities of therapy. If yes: As with everything in Moscow, you usually ask around your friends and acquaintances, and they ask theirs, and you get a reference to someone who made a good impression on some.

Suicidal depression treatment

What is the best treatment for depression and suicide? How does depression cause suicide? How to help someone with suicidal thoughts?

This intervention targets suicide as a skills deficit that requires specific training to overcome. His model sees preventing suicide as a shared responsibility between patient and therapist. The treatment helps people learn tools to develop their ability to notice and label their emotions,.

However, there are a few things that may reduce suicide risk : Avoid drugs and alcohol. Alcohol and recreational drugs can worsen suicidal thoughts. Form a strong support network. That may include family, friends or members of your church,.

Physical activity and exercise have been. Those with bipolar disorder are at greatest risk for suicide when they are in a depression or have a mixed mood state. With bipolar disorder , the doctor will begin treatment with a mood stabilizer such as lithium, mood stabilizing anticonvulsants, or antipsychotics.

ECT is an effective treatment that is used in extremely severe cases of major depression when very rapid improvement is necessary, or when medications cannot be used or have not worked.

Sudden short term memory loss

What can a sudden memory loss really mean? How to prevent memory loss with age? Is sudden memory loss a symptom of traumatic brain injury?

Short-term memory loss may be caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain. This could come from being choke smothered or nearly drowned.

Severe respiratory problems can also lead to low blood oxygen, which leads to oxygen deprivation in the brain. Several types of infection can lead to sudden memory loss. Loss of consciousness may cause short-term memory loss. Overwhelming grief might contribute to short-term memory loss. Stress can cause short-term memory loss.

A concussion may impact short-term memory. Mental conditions such as PTSD can contribute to.

Alzheimer’s disease or Lewy body dementia. For my wife, Sue, it was a lifesaver. One late December afternoon, Sue left our New York City apartment for an exercise class. The short-term and long-term memory loss associated with chemotherapy treatments used to combat cancer is known as chemo brain. Most of these conditions can be treated.

Your doctor can screen you for conditions that cause reversible memory impairment.